Artículos Científicos - 2024
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- ÍtemWater Quality Index and Health Risks in a Peruvian High Andean River(Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 2024-05-01) Sánchez Araujo, Victor Guillermo; Portuguez Maurtua, Marcelo; Palomino Pastrana, Pedro; Escobar Soldevilla, Mabel; Saéz Huamán, Wilfredo; Chávez Araujo, Elmer; Llahuila Quea, Jose Antonio; López Alvarado, Rommel Luis; Chávez Juanito, Yuli Anabel; Contreras López, ElianaWater quality in rivers is affected as it passes through urban areas; this situation can be improved with good management of water resources. High Andean rivers require further studies to indicate their quality status. In addition, it is important to estimate the health risks associated with exposure to contaminants in the river water. Therefore, it is proposed to assess the water quality index (WQI) using the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) model and the health risks in the urban section of the Ichu River in Peru. Six monitoring points were selected in the section of the Ichu River that includes the urbanized part of the city of Huancavelica. The sample was taken during the months of February to April 2021. Critical parameters were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis as principal components and cluster test. In addition, Pearson’s correlation test was performed, and the water quality status was evaluated using the WQI-NSF model. The Ichu River was of “bad” quality, unfit for human consumption, and confirming the impact of the population on water quality. The WQI-NSF model could be useful for high Andean watercourses suffering from anthropogenic deterioration of quality, with illegal effluent discharges and poor sanitation. There is a high health risk due to fecal coliform contamination from sewage discharges into the river. In addition, the total hazard index indicated that contaminants are causing negative health effects in adult males at a low risk level (risk 2), adult females at a moderate risk level (risk 3), and children at a negligible risk level (risk 1). With the help of this study, an appropriate management plan can be put in place to restore the ecological integrity of the Ichu River.
- ÍtemDevelopment of a portable electrocoagulation unit for on-site treatment of washing machine wastewater(Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 2024-11-29) Ayuque Rojas, José Carlos; Palomino Patrana, Pedro Antonio; Sánchez Araujo, Victor Guillermo; Huere Peña, Jorge Luis; Dueñas Jurado, Carlos; Ccente Chancha, Edwin Javier; Escobar Soldevilla, Mabél Yésica; Cayllahua Mejia, Russell; Garcia Riveros, Brian Elgin; Rodas Ccopa, Herbert; Yaulilahua Huacho, Russbelthis study evaluated the effectiveness of the electrocoagulation method in treating wastewater from two laundries in the Huancavelica district of Peru, focusing on reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and monitoring temperature and pH levels. Over two weeks, treatments were conducted with varying current intensities (15 and 30 Amp/m²) and durations (15 and 40 minutes), mixing speed + time (20 and 40 rpm) alongside a control with 0 Amp/m² and 0 minutes. The initial untreated samples showed high COD levels, highlighting significant organic pollution. The results demonstrated substantial COD reductions across all treatments, with the most effective reduction observed at 15 Amp/m² for 15 minutes, achieving COD levels of 366.50 mg/L in Laundry 1 and 348.50 mg/L in Laundry 2. This significant decrease complies with Supreme Decree No. 010-2019-VIVIENDA, which mandates COD levels below 1000 mg/L for non-domestic wastewater discharges. Temperature and pH variations were also analyzed, revealing that the electrocoagulation process increased the temperature moderately, with averages ranging from 15.15°C to 36.80°C in Laundry 1 and 15.65°C to 34.80°C in Laundry 2. The pH levels remained slightly alkaline, ranging from 8.47 to 10.55 in Laundry 1 and 9.47 to 10.62 in Laundry 2, indicating that the process maintains acceptable alkalinity. In conclusion, the electrocoagulation methodeffectively reducesCOD, maintainsmoderatetemperatureincreases, and slightlyalters pH levels, making it a viable option for treating industrial wastewater. These findings support the potential for electrocoagulation to enhance wastewater management practices, promoting environmental sustainability and regulatory compliance.
- ÍtemAnalysis of the effectiveness of the OSHA food standard in the united states tortilla industry(Asociación Italiana de Ingeniería Química (AIDIC), 2024-10-15) Espinoza Calderón, Gustavo Adolfo; Bustamante Cárdenas, Gloria OliviaThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor. Its mission is to minimize health and safety hazards to workers in manufacturing industries. The focus was on its application in the food industry. Specifically in the manufacture of corn and wheat flour tortillas. These products have a high consumption in the North American country. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms of the tortilla industry to adapt each activity to safety standards. In addition, to evaluate a measurable impact on the accidents that occurred and how they were corrected. The results show that OSHA standards enabled the design and anagement of industrial safety for the tortilla industry. This study identified three safety measures: personal protective equipment (PPE), chemical handling (SDS), and lockout/tagout (LOTO). Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine the impacts of the revised standard on tortilla worker safety. The findings indicate that nearly 24% of all injuries occur in this type of industry. It can be concluded that increasing workplace safety and compliance with legislation is currently a high priority in the food industry, although food safety is also of great importance. Both aspects can now go hand in hand thanks to the wide variety of safety solutions identified with low risk of contamination.
- ÍtemTunable PID Controller from the WinCC Unified Interface via OPC UA(Engineering and Technology Publishing, 2024-09-01) Carbajal Morán, Hipólito; Galván Maldonado, Carlos Abel; Ramos Lapa, Everth Manuel; Márquez Camarena, Javier FranciscoIn this study, it was sought to implement a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller in SIMATIC S7-1500 Programmer Logic Controller (PLC) with Open Platform Communications United Architecture (OPC UA) communication and tunable control from WinCC unified, in order to reduce the settling time of the temperature variable in the plant SO 3536-8T. Using the Ziegler-Nichols PID rule, adjustments were made to the Kp,Ti and Td coefficients of the PID controller. Initially set with values of Kp = 1.0, Ti = 20.00 s, Td = 0.1 s, and ess ≤ 2%. Without tuning, a maximum settling time of 193 s was achieved for a setpoint of 50 °C. After tuning from the WinCC unified interface, improved parameters (Kp = 6.05, Ti= 0.75 s, Td = 0.15 s) were obtained for ess ≤ 2%, presenting an underdamped response and a maximum settling time of 54 s. The tests present a reduction of the settling time of the variable higher than 60.25%, evidencing the effectiveness of the tunable PID controller in improving the system performance. Overall, the successful implementation of this tunable PID controller not only optimized the efficiency of the control system, but also provided a considerable reduction in the settling time of the temperature variable in the plant, representing a significant advance for the operation and overall efficiency of the process.
- ÍtemDetermination of the Reliability of the Automated System for Organoleptic Water Quality(Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej, 2024-07-01) Carbajal Morán, Hipólito; Galván Maldonado, Carlos Abel; Zárate Quiñones, Rosa Haydeé; Osorio Berrocal, Emilio; Cortez Galindo, Hernán; Márquez-Camarena, Javier FranciscoWater quality is essential for a healthy life, so it is necessary to look for technologies to measure its parameters in real time and automatically. The purpose of this study was to implement and determine the reliability of an automated system to evaluate the Organoleptic Water Quality intended for human consumption, in the urban distribution network of the district of Daniel Hernandez - Peru, using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Simulink. The study was carried out from January to March 2024, corresponding to the rainfall season. In the process of the research, a data acquisition and processing algorithm was implemented in a Simatic S7 1500 PLC with analog input module; using the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) methodology. The work focused on five key water parameters: potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, free chlorine (FCL) and temperature. The methodology included programming in contact language (KOP) of the algorithm for calculating subscripts for each parameter, according to the functions established by NSF-WQI. Measurements were performed with 4-wire sensing devices with 4-20 mA current signals, ensuring data accuracy. The interface to visualize the parameters and the water quality index was implemented in Simulink, communicating via OPC UA with the PLC server, facilitating the graphical representation of the Organoleptic Water Quality index. The overall equipment efficiency (OEE) or automated system implemented was 90.56%, indicating its acceptable reliability for evaluating water quality. By performing the measurements, with the sensors of the five parameters immersed in tap water, at each of the three established sampling points (Dwelling_1, Dwelling_2 and Dwelling_3) along the water distribution network, the system facilitated the automated and real-time evaluation of the quality, resulting in an average NSF-WQI of 83.08%, classifying the water as good for human consumption. This information is important for water quality management and can guide future treatments to achieve better quality.