Artículos Científicos - 2024
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- ÍtemAnalysis of the effectiveness of the OSHA food standard in the united states tortilla industry(Asociación Italiana de Ingeniería Química (AIDIC), 2024-10-15) Espinoza Calderón, Gustavo Adolfo; Bustamante Cárdenas, Gloria OliviaThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor. Its mission is to minimize health and safety hazards to workers in manufacturing industries. The focus was on its application in the food industry. Specifically in the manufacture of corn and wheat flour tortillas. These products have a high consumption in the North American country. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms of the tortilla industry to adapt each activity to safety standards. In addition, to evaluate a measurable impact on the accidents that occurred and how they were corrected. The results show that OSHA standards enabled the design and anagement of industrial safety for the tortilla industry. This study identified three safety measures: personal protective equipment (PPE), chemical handling (SDS), and lockout/tagout (LOTO). Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine the impacts of the revised standard on tortilla worker safety. The findings indicate that nearly 24% of all injuries occur in this type of industry. It can be concluded that increasing workplace safety and compliance with legislation is currently a high priority in the food industry, although food safety is also of great importance. Both aspects can now go hand in hand thanks to the wide variety of safety solutions identified with low risk of contamination.
- ÍtemTunable PID Controller from the WinCC Unified Interface via OPC UA(Engineering and Technology Publishing, 2024-09-01) Carbajal Morán, Hipólito; Galván Maldonado, Carlos Abel; Ramos Lapa, Everth Manuel; Márquez Camarena, Javier FranciscoAbstract—In this study, it was sought to implement a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller in SIMATIC S7-1500 Programmer Logic Controller (PLC) with Open Platform Communications United Architecture (OPC UA) communication and tunable control from WinCC unified, in order to reduce the settling time of the temperature variable in the plant SO 3536-8T. Using the Ziegler-Nichols PID rule, adjustments were made to the Kp,Ti and Td coefficients of the PID controller. Initially set with values of Kp = 1.0, Ti = 20.00 s, Td = 0.1 s, and ess ≤ 2%. Without tuning, a maximum settling time of 193 s was achieved for a setpoint of 50 °C. After tuning from the WinCC unified interface, improved parameters (Kp = 6.05, Ti= 0.75 s, Td = 0.15 s) were obtained for ess ≤ 2%, presenting an underdamped response and a maximum settling time of 54 s. The tests present a reduction of the settling time of the variable higher than 60.25%, evidencing the effectiveness of the tunable PID controller in improving the system performance. Overall, the successful implementation of this tunable PID controller not only optimized the efficiency of the control system, but also provided a considerable reduction in the settling time of the temperature variable in the plant, representing a significant advance for the operation and overall efficiency of the process.
- ÍtemDetermination of the Reliability of the Automated System for Organoleptic Water Quality(Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej, 2024-07-01) Carbajal Morán, Hipólito; Galván Maldonado, Carlos Abel; Zárate Quiñones, Rosa Haydeé; Osorio Berrocal, Emilio; Cortez Galindo, Hernán; Márquez-Camarena, Javier FranciscoWater quality is essential for a healthy life, so it is necessary to look for technologies to measure its parameters in real time and automatically. The purpose of this study was to implement and determine the reliability of an automated system to evaluate the Organoleptic Water Quality intended for human consumption, in the urban distribution network of the district of Daniel Hernandez - Peru, using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Simulink. The study was carried out from January to March 2024, corresponding to the rainfall season. In the process of the research, a data acquisition and processing algorithm was implemented in a Simatic S7 1500 PLC with analog input module; using the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) methodology. The work focused on five key water parameters: potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, free chlorine (FCL) and temperature. The methodology included programming in contact language (KOP) of the algorithm for calculating subscripts for each parameter, according to the functions established by NSF-WQI. Measurements were performed with 4-wire sensing devices with 4-20 mA current signals, ensuring data accuracy. The interface to visualize the parameters and the water quality index was implemented in Simulink, communicating via OPC UA with the PLC server, facilitating the graphical representation of the Organoleptic Water Quality index. The overall equipment efficiency (OEE) or automated system implemented was 90.56%, indicating its acceptable reliability for evaluating water quality. By performing the measurements, with the sensors of the five parameters immersed in tap water, at each of the three established sampling points (Dwelling_1, Dwelling_2 and Dwelling_3) along the water distribution network, the system facilitated the automated and real-time evaluation of the quality, resulting in an average NSF-WQI of 83.08%, classifying the water as good for human consumption. This information is important for water quality management and can guide future treatments to achieve better quality.
- ÍtemCharacterization of Metallic Gold Nanoparticles in a Colloidal State by Artificial Vision(Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej, 2024-01-26) Márquez Camarena, Javier Francisco; Carbajal Morán, Hipólito; Galván Maldonado, Carlos AbelGold nanoparticles in their colloidal state have different colors, and the equipment for their characterization, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), has high costs. The research aimed to characterize metallic gold nanoparticles by artificial vision based on the color of the samples in the colloidal state. The sensor used for the sampling was a 50 MP triple-lens camera with the optical image stabilization (OIS) of a smartphone. The Vision Acquisition and Vision Assistant blocks in the NI LabVIEW platform were used to implement an artificial vision device. The camera interface was used to identify the color of each of the 10 samples of colloidal gold nanoparticles produced by the YAG laser and chemical reduction in 15 ml of deionized water. The characterization consisted of the determination of the size and concentration of the gold nanoparticles based on their color, which ranged from pink to red wine. As a result, the artificial vision device adequately identified the color of the metallic gold nanoparticles in a colloidal state with a certainty of more than 95%, allowing the nanoparticles to be adequately characterized. Therefore, it is concluded that artificial vision adequately characterized gold nanoparticles' wavelength, absorbance, diameter, and concentration.
- ÍtemFamilies of gracefuls spiders with 3l, 3l+2 and 3l-1 legs(Universal Wiser Publisher PTE. LTD., 2024-11-07) Berrocal Huamani, Nelson; Atoche Bravo, María JacquelineWe say that a tree is a spider if has at most one vertex of degree greater than two. We prove the existence of families of graceful spiders with 3ℓ, 3ℓ+2 and 3ℓ−1 legs. We provide specific labels for each spider graph, these labels are constructed from graceful path graphs that have a particular label, so there is a correspondence between some paths and graceful spiders that we are studying, this correspondence is described in an algorithm outlined in the preliminaries.